International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin
Vol 5 Issue 4 (July – August) 2026
DECOLONIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION FOR SUSTAINABLE CREATIVITY IN THE NIGERIAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
DR. HOPE CHIMZI ONYEUKWU, Department of Education Management, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21323536 | Page 01 to 17
Abstract
Decolonizing educational management and administration in Nigeria is critical for fostering sustainable creativity and aligning education with national development objectives. The persistent reliance on Eurocentric administrative models, centralized governance, and standardized curricula limits institutional effectiveness, suppresses teacher and student creativity, and disconnects education from local socio-economic realities. This paper examines the historical and contemporary implications of colonial legacies on educational leadership and argues for a decolonized framework that integrates indigenous knowledge, culturally responsive leadership, and community-centered governance. Drawing on contemporary empirical studies and policy analyses, the paper highlights how decolonization can enhance institutional performance, stimulate innovation, and strengthen the linkage between education and sustainable national development. The study concludes that intentional, contextually grounded reforms are essential for unlocking the creative potential of Nigeria’s education system and achieving long-term socio-economic progress. Recommendations focus on policy reforms, institutional strategies, leadership capacity building, teacher training, and the engagement of development partners to support systemic transformation.
Keywords: Decolonization, Educational Management, Administration, Creativity, Indigenous Knowledge, Nigeria, Sustainable Development.
Impact of margin-trading activities on stock market returns and volatility: Evidence from China
Tseng-Chan Tseng, Economics and Management College Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21377115 | Page 01 to 13
Abstract
This study employed a GARCH model for parameter estimation and incorporated the incremental variables of financing balance, securities lending balance, and margin trading balance into the mean and variance equations to explore the impact of margin-trading activities on stock market returns and volatility in China. The empirical results showed that financing balance; securities lending balance, and margin trading balance were all positively related to the returns of the CSI 300 Index. In contrast, these margin-trading activities were found to have a significantly negative effect on CSI 300 volatility, implying that they contribute to the mitigation of stock market fluctuations. Overall, the results suggest that the liberalization of margin-trading policies contributes to stock market stability.
Keywords: financing balance; securities lending balance; return and volatility; GARCH model.
THE EFFECT OF PAYMENT DURATION OF WAREHOUSE RECEIPT SYSTEM ON HOUSEHOLD INCOME: A CASE OF NAMTUMBO DISTRICT, RUVUMA REGION
Emmanuel Alute Gwao, Department of Postgraduate Studies, Institute of Accountancy Arusha
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- | Page 01 to 17
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of payment duration within the Warehouse Receipt System (WRS) on household income among smallholder farmers in Namtumbo District, Ruvuma Region, and Tanzania. Employing a descriptive cross-sectional research design, data were collected from 126 respondents, including smallholder farmers, warehouse operators, and agricultural officers through structured questionnaires and interviews. The analysis, utilizing descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions, revealed that longer payment durations significantly negatively impact household income. Delays in payment were linked to increased financial strain, high-interest debt, and disruptions in farmers’ farming cycles, which collectively undermine any potential income gains from participation in the WRS. The findings suggest that the current payment mechanisms limit the effectiveness of the WRS in improving household livelihoods. To enhance the system’s benefits, the study recommends streamlining payment processes and exploring innovative models to ensure prompt payments, thereby strengthening farmers’ financial stability and participation.
Keywords: Payment Duration, Household Income, Smallholder Farmers, Financial Inclusion.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF MONOCRYSTALLINE AND POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLAR PANELS IN KEBBI STATE, NIGERIA
Abdullahi Bako, Department of Physics with Electronics, Federal University, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21477732 | Page 01 to 16
Abstract
This study investigates the performance and efficiency of 20W monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels in Bayan Kara, Birnin Kebbi metropolis. Monocrystalline panels, which are made of pure silicon, are more efficient (15%–22%), take up less space, have a black appearance, and perform better in warm weather, making them ideal for areas with high solar intensity. In contrast, polycrystalline panels, constructed from multicrystalline silicon, typically have lower efficiency (13%–18%), a blue tint, and decreased performance in hot conditions, but are more cost-effective. Both types of panels usually last 25 to 35 years. The findings of the research suggest that monocrystalline panels are superior to polycrystalline panels in the specific location studied. Therefore, monocrystalline solar panels are recommended for residential solar power generation in Bayan Kara due to their higher efficiency and thermal performance, while polycrystalline panels may be a better choice for those prioritizing lower initial costs.
Keywords: performance, Efficiency 20W Monocrystalline, and Polycrystalline Solar Panel, pyronometer, Birnin Kebbi Metropolis.
Ocular Perfusion Pressure as a Predictive Biomarker for Glaucoma in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study in Nigeria
Omaka AU, Department of Optometry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21590217 | Page 01 to 08
Abstract
Background: Ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) has been suggested as a possible risk factor for the development of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). While OPP has been extensively studied in older populations, its role as a predictive biomarker in young adults remains underexplored, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigated OPP as a predictive biomarker for glaucoma among young adults in Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: A purposive cross-sectional study was conducted involving 100 young adults aged 18-35 years. OPP was calculated from mean arterial pressure (MAP) and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements. Participants were classified into glaucoma status categories based on clinical examination. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at p<0.05 significance level.
Results: Mean OPP differed significantly across glaucoma status categories (F=3.81, p=0.026). Glaucoma-positive participants had the lowest mean OPP (37.2 ± 6.8 mmHg), glaucoma suspects had intermediate values (42.3 ± 11.1 mmHg), and participants without glaucoma showed the highest mean OPP (44.6 ± 5.4 mmHg). MAP significantly predicted OPP (β = 0.70, p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Ocular perfusion pressure is significantly lower in individuals with glaucoma compared to those without glaucoma, even among young adults. These findings support OPP as a potential adjunctive biomarker in glaucoma risk assessment. Incorporating OPP into routine screening protocols may help identify young adults at higher risk of glaucomatous changes.
Keywords: Ocular Perfusion Pressure; Glaucoma; Biomarker; Young Adults; Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma; Nigerian Population.
Central Corneal Thickness and Its Association with Refractive Error in School-Aged Children in Rural Nigeria
Ezeigbo AC, Department of Optometry, Abia state university, uturu Nigeria.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21590371 | Page 01 to 10
Abstract
Background: Central corneal thickness (CCT) is an important ocular biometric parameter that influences intraocular pressure measurement and refractive status interpretation. Variations in CCT have been reported across age, gender, ethnicity, and refractive error; however, data on pediatric populations in rural Nigerian settings remain limited. This study investigated the association between central corneal thickness and refractive error among school-aged children in Isuikwuato LGA, Abia State, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted involving 450 children aged 10-18 years. All participants underwent comprehensive ocular examinations including cycloplegic refraction and CCT measurement using ultrasound pachymetry. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and one-way ANOVA at p<0.05 significance level.
Results: Mean CCT values were 537.5 ± 24.6 µm in the right eye and 538.0 ± 24.1 µm in the left eye. Females showed slightly higher mean CCT values than males (539.5 µm vs 536.2 µm), but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.15). Children aged 10-12 years had marginally higher CCT values than older age groups, though no significant age-related differences were observed (p=0.60 for OD, p=0.11 for OS). Hyperopic participants recorded higher mean CCT values (539.9 µm) than emmetropic (537.8 µm) and myopic children (536.4 µm), but these variations were not statistically significant (p=0.50).
Conclusion: Central corneal thickness among school-aged children in Isuikwuato LGA is within normal limits and shows no significant association with age, gender, or refractive error status. These findings provide valuable baseline data for pediatric ocular health assessment in rural Nigerian settings.
Keywords: Central Corneal Thickness; Refractive Error; Pachymetry; School Children; Nigeria
Prevalence and Pattern of Refractive Errors Among School-Aged Children in Isuikwuato LGA, Abia State, Nigeria
Ezeigbo AC, Department of Optometry, Abia state university, uturu Nigeria.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21590494 | Page 01 to 08
Abstract
Background: Refractive errors remain the most common visual disorder in childhood, with prevalence varying across regions due to differences in ethnicity, urbanization, and study methodology. Data on refractive error prevalence among school-aged children in rural Nigerian settings remain limited. This study determined the prevalence and pattern of refractive errors among school-aged children in Isuikwuato Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted involving 450 children aged 10-18 years selected from secondary schools using multistage sampling. All participants underwent comprehensive ocular examinations including visual acuity assessment and cycloplegic autorefraction. Refractive errors were classified as emmetropia, myopia, or hyperopia, with further grading by severity. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics at p<0.05 significance level.
Results: Out of 450 participants, 322 (71.6%) were found to have refractive errors. Myopia was the most prevalent (42.3%, n=190), followed by hyperopia (29.3%, n=132) and emmetropia (28.4%, n=128). Among myopic participants, low myopia constituted the highest proportion (25.8%), followed by moderate myopia (14.3%) and high myopia (2.2%). Among hyperopic participants, low hyperopia was most common (14.9%), followed by moderate hyperopia (13.6%) and high hyperopia (0.9%).
Conclusion: The high prevalence of refractive errors (71.6%) among school-aged children in Isuikwuato LGA underscores a significant public health concern. Myopia was the predominant refractive error, with low-grade errors being most common. These findings highlight the urgent need for routine school-based vision screening programs and accessible eye care services in rural Nigerian communities.
Keywords: Refractive Errors; Myopia; Hyperopia; School Children; Prevalence; Nigeria.
An Innovation Searching for Emerging High-Technique Product &GDP Systems on Scientist’s Behaviour &Judgement with Sustainability II
Run Xu, Gyeongsang National University, School of Nano New Materials Engineering, Gyeongnam-Do, JinjuSi 52828, Korea
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21593998 | Page 01 to 09
Abstract
The long and many times experimental trial will be necessary in order to guarantee the product property stably and reliably. As for the stable operation and reliable one the more times and choices will be proceeded according to the product property regarding the essential new composition, then not missing the long life and good performance negligently in maker sample room and ensure that all the parts are to be more qualified than the last one for the sake of transforming them to customer side with more security &reliable one. Therefore, don’t stop to provide innovation product with the easy operation to proceed normally and refuse its advancement feature because the smart product is entering our real world definitely and absolutely. Only if we continue to work the advancement science &technology the sophisticated product and following effectiveness may be birthed and advocated gradually and eventually. As a scientist he must proceed his searching to push new measures for the sake of updating the traditional theory &experiment largely. A paper might conclude in the entire big mind and subsidiary diversities to exhibit his performance in front of public readers that contains many sophisticated features and achievements during his a certain time’s innovation research. At the same time, the robot etc innovation machine can help us to process many things from workshop, public occasion to medical &even family, so that the as many as them need us to make continuously to help doing some key aspect like work as welding integrated-circuit chip, movement with materials &doing cuisine and housework even flatter with older man. Therefore, the more robots made by factory are to afford the inestimable perspective for serving human being comfortably. We should constantly provide the substance &logical chip to maker for the sake of producing humanoid-robot specially and continually to realize the modernization and commercialization in near future. Some materials are to affect the product longevity and property so that more searching about it will be necessary through scientists and engineers who burden heavy responsibility for the sake of enhancing its performance and longevity besides its high-quality with low making cost.
Keywords: Emerging High-Technique Product &GDP Systems, by sustainability, an innovated searching
An Innovation Searching for Emerging High-Technique Product &GDP Systems on Scientist’s Behaviour &Judgement with Sustainability I
Run Xu, Gyeongsang National University, School of Nano New Materials Engineering, Gyeongnam-Do, JinjuSi 52828, Korea
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21594175 | Page 01 to 10
Abstract
The long and many times experimental trial will be necessary in order to guarantee the product property stably and reliably. As for the stable operation and reliable one the more times and choices will be proceeded according to the product property regarding the essential new composition, then not missing the long life and good performance negligently in maker sample room and ensure that all the parts are to be more qualified than the last one for the sake of transforming them to customer side with more security &reliable one. Therefore, don’t stop to provide innovation product with the easy operation to proceed normally and refuse its advancement feature because the smart product is entering our real world definitely and absolutely. Only if we continue to work the advancement science &technology the sophisticated product and following effectiveness may be birthed and advocated gradually and eventually. As a scientist he must proceed his searching to push new measures for the sake of updating the traditional theory &experiment largely. A paper might conclude in the entire big mind and subsidiary diversities to exhibit his performance in front of public readers that contains many sophisticated features and achievements during his a certain time’s innovation research. At the same time, the robot etc innovation machine can help us to process many things from workshop, public occasion to medical &even family, so that the as many as them need us to make continuously to help doing some key aspect like work as welding integrated-circuit chip, movement with materials &doing cuisine and housework even flatter with older man. Therefore, the more robots made by factory are to afford the inestimable perspective for serving human being comfortably. We should constantly provide the substance &logical chip to maker for the sake of producing humanoid-robot specially and continually to realize the modernization and commercialization in near future. Some materials are to affect the product longevity and property so that more searching about it will be necessary through scientists and engineers who burden heavy responsibility for the sake of enhancing its performance and longevity besides its high-quality with low making cost.
Keywords: Emerging High-Technique Product &GDP Systems, by sustainability, an innovated searching
An Innovation Searching for Progressing High-Technique Product &GDP Systems on Scientist’s Behaviour &Judgement with Sustainability
Run Xu, Gyeongsang National University, School of Nano New Materials Engineering, Gyeongnam-Do, JinjuSi 52828, Korea
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21594693| Page 01 to 11
Abstract
The long and many times experimental trial will be necessary in order to guarantee the product property stably and reliably. As for the stable operation and reliable one the more times and choices will be proceeded according to the product property regarding the essential new composition, then not missing the long life and good performance negligently in maker sample room and ensure that all the parts are to be more qualified than the last one for the sake of transforming them to customer side with more security &reliable one. Therefore, don’t stop to provide innovation product with the easy operation to proceed normally and refuse its advancement feature because the smart product is entering our real world definitely and absolutely. Only if we continue to work the advancement science &technology the sophisticated product and following effectiveness may be birthed and advocated gradually and eventually. As a scientist he must proceed his searching to push new measures for the sake of updating the traditional theory &experiment largely. A paper might conclude in the entire big mind and subsidiary diversities to exhibit his performance in front of public readers that contains many sophisticated features and achievements during his a certain time’s innovation research. At the same time, the robot etc innovation machine can help us to process many things from workshop, public occasion to medical &even family, so that the as many as them need us to make continuously to help doing some key aspect like work as welding integrated-circuit chip, movement with materials &doing cuisine and housework even flatter with older man. Therefore, the more robots made by factory are to afford the inestimable perspective for serving human being comfortably. We should constantly provide the substance &logical chip to maker for the sake of producing humanoid-robot specially and continually to realize the modernization and commercialization in near future. Some materials are to affect the product longevity and property so that more searching about it will be necessary through scientists and engineers who burden heavy responsibility for the sake of enhancing its performance and longevity besides its high-quality with low making cost.
Keywords: Progressing &emerging high-technique product &GDP systems, by sustainability, an innovated searching
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS USE AMONG YOUNG FEMALE ADULTS IN NIGERIA
Kingsley Chukwuka Amaihunwa, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21600680 | Page 01 to 16
Abstract
Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly used medications for the relief of pain and inflammation, particularly among young female adults experiencing dysmenorrhea and other recurrent painful conditions. Despite their therapeutic benefits, chronic and unsupervised use of NSAIDs has been associated with several adverse effects involving the gastrointestinal, renal, cardiovascular and hematological parameters.
Methods: This review critically appraised selected studies and peer-reviewed literatures published on epidemiological data on the effects of chronic NSAID uses among young female adults in Nigeria, and the laboratory investigations used in monitoring affected individuals. The review examined the classification and mechanism of action of NSAIDs, highlighting the differences between non-selective and COX-2 selective agents.
Results: The findings reveal that prolonged NSAID uses among young female adults impose severe adverse effects on the hematological parameters, particularly impairment of platelet count, platelet aggregation, and chronic blood loss. Common clinical manifestations such as fatigue, epigastric pain, dizziness and gastrointestinal bleeding were noted alongside alterations in laboratory investigations results including hemoglobin estimation, packed cell volume (PCV), stool occult blood testing, renal function tests, platelet count and platelet function tests.
Conclusions: The public health implications of NSAID misuse in Nigeria, especially the widespread practice of self-medication and over-the-counter drug access by young female adults, if remains unregulated will assumed an epidemic proportion. Preventive and control measures such as health education, proper prescription practices, patient monitoring and the use of safer alternatives for pain management have to be advocated. Chronic NSAID uses among the young female adults may result in significant health complications if not properly monitored. Increased awareness, rational drug use and appropriate laboratory evaluation are essential in reducing NSAID-related morbidity among young female adults in Nigeria.
Keywords: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Young female adults, Nigeria.
An Innovative Searching of the High-End Making Products & Equipment &GDP Systems on Scientist’s Behaviour and Judgement With Sustainability VIII
Run Xu, Gyeongsang National University, School of Nano New Materials Engineering, Gyeongnam-Do, Jinju-Si 52828, Korea
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21700747 | Page 01 to 10
Abstract
The high-end making, new energy &AI(artificial intelligence) robot will occupy the new reformation field so that the much R &D(research and development) and investment is to be added continually by our government, maker &university. On the other hand, the expertise research must be much stronger, deeper & wider so the related performance is to be published in high-level &high-advanced journal with that paper. That needs to reflect the external and internal intrinsic relationship about searching object default and inner stress &temperature etc. many physical and chemistry aspects. Therein much relational information can be acquired by our scientist and fellows for them to continuously find and seek the principle result on behalf of complicated exploration about the unbalance and balance relation so as to acquire the virtual and actual phenomena and theoretical base. We should encourage the fellows research aim and direction, thereby the subsequent capital support by government constitution even institution by institute and making house and devices etc a series of preferential policy. The more product and equipment made from maker will enhance our high-technique skill and equipment capacity to satisfy the request coming from the society and foreign remands for us to process the foreign trade business actively from factory to seaport transiting other countries and territories. The old and new energy kinetic transformation needs to be transformed by now urgently, and those old low energy kinetic will be collapsed gradually and ultimately for us to learn new one and some interdisciplinary subject applying to the innovation item. The new renewable energy industry as an important factor to decline the gasoline usefulness on vehicle and factories that may start to change the traditional energy source into the low-contamination &high-renewable fuel at all for us to share in the views of the clean atmosphere with the BEV(battery electric vehicles) and making automation-flow-line and some heat-supplying factories. Thereby, the more searching for those transforming course and endeavors would be request through arousing the researcher and scholars explored the source and making process to a certain performance that is to advantage progressing high-functional-equipment making.
Keywords: Progressing high-technique product &GDP systems, by sustainability, an innovated searching, China top cities GDP analysis
An Innovated Searching for Reviving Nations Nuclear Generating Electricity &BRICS Energy Consumption Status per capita Analysis’ Achievement on Scientist’s Behavior & Judgement with Sustainability
Run Xu, Gyeongsang National University, School of Nano New Materials Engineering, Gyeongnam-Do, Jinju-Si 52828, Korea
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21700852 | Page 01 to 10
Abstract
The long and many times experimental trial will be necessary in order to guarantee the product property stably and reliably. As for the stable operation and reliable one the more times and choices will be proceeded according to the product property regarding the essential new composition, then not missing the long life and good performance negligently in maker sample room and ensure that all the parts are to be more qualified than the last one for the sake of transforming them to customer side with more security &reliable one. Therefore, don’t stop to provide innovation product with the easy operation to proceed normally and refuse its advancement feature because the smart product is entering our real world definitely and absolutely. Only if we continue to work the advancement science &technology the sophisticated product and following effectiveness may be birthed and advocated gradually and eventually. As a scientist he must proceed his searching to push new measures for the sake of updating the traditional theory &experiment largely. A paper might conclude in the entire big mind and subsidiary diversities to exhibit his performance in front of public readers that contains many sophisticated features and achievements during his certain time’s innovation research. At the same time, the robot etc innovation machine can help us to process many things from workshop, public occasion to medical &even family, so that the as many as them need us to make continuously to help doing some key aspect like work as welding integrated-circuit chip, movement with materials &doing cuisine and housework even talking with older man. Therefore, the more robots made by factory are to afford the inestimable perspective for serving human being comfortably. We should constantly provide the substance &logical chip to maker for the sake of producing humanoid-robot specially and continually to realize the modernization and commercialization in near future. Some materials are to affect the product longevity and property so that more searching about it will be necessary through scientists and engineers who burden heavy responsibility for the sake of enhancing its performance and longevity besides its high-quality with low making cost.
Keywords: Reviving Nations nuclear generating electricity, BRICS energy consumption amount per capita analysis, by sustainability, an innovated searching
An Innovation Study on Boosting the Nations Nuclear Generating Electricity Status &BRICS Energy Consumption One per capita Performance Relationships with Scientist’s Behavior &Judgement Sustainably
Run Xu, Gyeongsang National University, School of Nano New Materials Engineering, Gyeongnam-Do, Jinju-Si 52828, Korea
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21700935 | Page 01 to 10
Abstract
As for improving GDP (gross domestic product) value, the many things need us to chase from consumption, reserve to income all capital aspects. So that the positive consuming behavior and judgement would be included in details that not only activating the recent market but also stimulating the demand. Therefore, the much expenditures behavior may take up the aspects with all of potential requirement by us that may be providing a eminently breakthrough market in near future. For attaining such request from the market the more sophisticated and advanced product including artificial intelligence robot for facilitating our payment, moving machine &massage one etc. With regard to emerging mew machine which bring out new functional machine for us to enjoy in the views of maintaining our health and predicting disease at all. Hence, regarding that emergent robot exhibits the more multidisciplinary subjects would be more prevalent than ever due to inventing innovation soft logical intrinsic program with the semi-conductivity material in chip. Our scientists has to continue their research item following those emergent phenomenon with how to deal them through directly searching direction for the sake of satisfying human demands sustainably. Meantime, the combining subjects will emerge with their quickness speed applied to the fringe science and technique which may create many innovative subjects and research &development items correspondingly so as to raise our current technique level and super-technique-world in future due to its strong mysterious strength behind the substance appearance. Therein, the more scientific research and educational program might be erected in light of wielding enough their functional combination together in order to create new and more subject and R &D(research &development) destination in makers. From there, the more complicated theory and new trial result could be exhibited with many innovative papers and books written by our scientist and engineers according to the new emerging theory and phenomenon found by us by now. Therefore, many papers about new materials and design project are to be publicated in high-quality journal within several months research and study which may explore key joints on materials internal points performances with drawing the completing deduced formula and experimental result to see whether their consistencies happened or not. So that new one would describe the external and intrinsic structure and stresses &default statuses continually for the sake of promoting its performance through experimental and theoretic deductions that may afford the basic experiment data for our engineers to continuously endeavour later in maker and colleges. Once the coincident result happened the applying to product design, process &test fatigue longevity etc a series evaluating, cost calculation and procedure simulation will be invested for increasing benefit and goodness.
Keywords: Boosting the nation’s nuclear generating electricity amount, BRICS energy consumption amount per capita analysis, with scientists, behavior & judgement, by sustainability, an innovated study
An Innovated Searching for Reviving Nations Nuclear Generating Electricity &BRICS Energy Consumption Status per capita Analysis’ Achievement on Scientist’s Behavior &Judgement with Sustainability
Run Xu, Gyeongsang National University, School of Nano New Materials Engineering, Gyeongnam-Do, Jinju-Si 52828, Korea
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21700993 | Page 01 to 09
Abstract
The long and many times experimental trial will be necessary in order to guarantee the product property stably and reliably. As for the stable operation and reliable one the more times and choices will be proceeded according to the product property regarding the essential new composition, then not missing the long life and good performance negligently in maker sample room and ensure that all the parts are to be more qualified than the last one for the sake of transforming them to customer side with more security &reliable one. Therefore, don’t stop to provide innovation product with the easy operation to proceed normally and refuse its advancement feature because the smart product is entering our real world definitely and absolutely. Only if we continue to work the advancement science &technology the sophisticated product and following effectiveness may be birthed and advocated gradually and eventually. As a scientist he must proceed his searching to push new measures for the sake of updating the traditional theory &experiment largely. A paper might conclude in the entire big mind and subsidiary diversities to exhibit his performance in front of public readers that contains many sophisticated features and achievements during his a certain time’s innovation research. At the same time, the robot etc innovation machine can help us to process many things from workshop, public occasion to medical &even family, so that the as many as them need us to make continuously to help doing some key aspect like work as welding integrated-circuit chip, movement with materials &doing cuisine and housework even talking with older man. Therefore, the more robots made by factory are to afford the inestimable perspective for serving human being comfortably. We should constantly provide the substance &logical chip to maker for the sake of producing humanoid-robot specially and continually to realize the modernization and commercialization in near future. Some materials are to affect the product longevity and property so that more searching about it will be necessary through scientists and engineers who burden heavy responsibility for the sake of enhancing its performance and longevity besides its high-quality with low making cost.
Keywords: Reviving Nations nuclear generating electricity, BRICS energy consumption amount per capita analysis, by sustainability, an innovated searching
An Innovation Study on Boosting the High-Technique Products &Performance Relationships with Scientist’s Behavior & Judgement Sustainably
Run Xu, Gyeongsang National University, School of Nano New Materials Engineering, Gyeongnam-Do, Jinju-Si 52828, Korea
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21701067 | Page 01 to 09
Abstract
As for improving GDP (gross domestic product) value, the many things need us to chase from consumption, reserve to income all capital aspects. So that the positive consuming behavior and judgement would be included in details that not only activating the recent market but also stimulating the demand. Therefore, the much expenditures behavior may take up the aspects with all of potential requirement by us that may be providing a eminently breakthrough market in near future. For attaining such request from the market the more sophisticated and advanced product including artificial intelligence robot for facilitating our payment, moving machine &massage one etc. With regard to emerging mew machine which bring out new functional machine for us to enjoy in the views of maintaining our health and predicting disease at all. Hence, regarding that emergent robot exhibits the more multidisciplinary subjects would be more prevalent than ever due to inventing innovation soft logical intrinsic program with the semi-conductivity material in chip. Our scientists has to continue their research item following those emergent phenomenon with how to deal them through directly searching direction for the sake of satisfying human demands sustainably. Meantime, the combining subjects will emerge with their quickness speed applied to the fringe science and technique which may create many innovative subjects and research &development items correspondingly so as to raise our current technique level and super-technique-world in future due to its strong mysterious strength behind the substance appearance. Therein, the more scientific research and educational program might be erected in light of wielding enough their functional combination together in order to create new and more subject and R &D(research &development) destination in makers. From there, the more complicated theory and new trial result could be exhibited with many innovative papers and books written by our scientist and engineers according to the new emerging theory and phenomenon found by us by now. Therefore, many papers about new materials and design project are to be publicated in high-quality journal within several months research and study which may explore key joints on materials internal points performances with drawing the completing deduced formula and experimental result to see whether their consistencies happened or not. So that new one would describe the external and intrinsic structure and stresses &default statuses continually for the sake of promoting its performance through experimental and theoretic deductions that may afford the basic experiment data for our engineers to continuously endeavour later in maker and colleges. Once the coincident result happened the applying to product design, process &test fatigue longevity etc a series evaluating, cost calculation and procedure simulation will be invested for increasing benefit and goodness.
Keywords: Boosting the High-Technique Products, Performance relationships with scientist’s, behavior &judgement, by sustainability, an innovated study
One journey, two worlds: How Couples perceive their Interpersonal Communication Experiences with Infertility – A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Analysis
Ms. Jescah Otieno, Department of Publishing, Journalism, and Communication Studies School of Information Sciences, Moi University, Kenya.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21701466 | Page 01 to 14
Abstract
This paper is based on a study that examined how couples experiencing infertility exchange messages at an interpersonal level. It addresses the question: How do couples living with infertility perceive their interpersonal communication about their status? Using hermeneutic phenomenology, five couples were sampled purposively, and data generated using in-depth conversational interviews and analysed using reflexive analysis. Findings demonstrate that couples perceive their communication about infertility on two fronts: at a personal level and a societal level, with society playing a dual role of both hurting and relieving couples of the pain of infertility through their words. The study concludes that the lack of sustained and deliberate interpersonal communication accounts for most of the suffering couples living with infertility endure. It calls for policymakers to infuse communicative etiquette, ethics, and soft-skill competencies throughout the educational curriculum to ensure that all citizens can recognize sensitive interpersonal situations with awareness, restraint, and empathy.
Keywords: couples; infertility; interpersonal communication; Kenya; phenomenology.
An Innovative Searching for High-End Making Product Even Equipment &GDP Systems on Scientist’s Behaviour and Judgement With Sustainability V
Run Xu, Gyeongsang National University, School of Nano New Materials Engineering, Gyeongnam-Do, Jinju-Si 52828, Korea
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21719171 | Page 01 to 10
Abstract
The high-end making, new energy &AI (artificial intelligence) robot will occupy the new reformation field so that the much R &D (research and development) and investment is to be added continually by our government, maker &university. On the other hand, the expertise research must be much stronger, deeper & wider so the related performance is to be published in high-level &high-advanced journal with that paper. That needs to reflect the external and internal intrinsic relationship about searching object default and inner stress &temperature etc. many physical and chemistry aspects. Therein many relational information can be acquired by our scientist and fellows for them to continuously find and seek the principle result on behalf of complicated exploration about the unbalance and balance relation so as to acquire the virtual and actual phenomena and theoretical base. We should encourage the fellows research aim and direction, thereby the subsequent capital support by government constitution even institution by institute and making house and devices etc a series of preferential policy. The more product and equipment made from maker will enhance our high-technique skill and equipment capacity to satisfy the request coming from the society and foreign remands for us to process the foreign trade business actively from factory to seaport transiting other countries and territories. The old and new energy kinetic transformation needs to be transformed by now urgently, and those old low energy kinetic will be collapsed gradually and ultimately for us to learn new one and some interdisciplinary subject applying to the innovation item. The new renewable energy industry as an important factor to decline the gasoline usefulness on vehicle and factories that may start to change the traditional energy source into the low-contamination &high-renewable fuel at all for us to share in the views of the clean atmosphere with the BEV(battery electric vehicles) and making automation-flow-line and some heat-supplying factories. Thereby, the more searching for those transforming course and endeavors would be request through arousing the researcher and scholars explored the source and making process to a certain performance that is to advantage progressing high-functional-equipment making. So the society will continue to develop for us to be employed by those makers and increase the work-opportunity from college and university exhibited their expertise advantageous direction and theme for the sake of improving factory new-quality-productivity with those new and tip subject like some interdisciplinary departments between physics and materials, physics and chemistry, chemistry and physics, physics &administration, automation &physics, electronics &electricity, electronics &physics, electricity &physics etc..those new interdisciplinary departments will occupy the new subjects so as to enhance ours fringe-regional development and cross-disciplinary one trial and development. [1~21]
Keywords: Progressing high-technique product &GDP systems, by sustainability, an innovated searching, China coastal provinces &cites GDP per capita.
Digitally ‘Living’ Preservation of Endangered Cultural Soundscapes: From Sampling and Spatial Audio Reconstruction to Interactive Narrative Design
Pei Liu, Ph.D, Sichuan Normal University, Shizishan Campus, Jinjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21754930 | Page 01 to 13
Abstract
Under the dual pressures of global cultural homogenization and intergenerational transmission rupture, endangered cultural soundscapes are disappearing at an unprecedented rate. Living sonic texts—such as ritual songs, oral dialects, and festival acoustics—that carry collective memory and local knowledge face irreversible extinction. Traditional archival recordings preserve sound waveforms but strip away spatial orientation, ambient reverberation, and bodily presence, reducing sound to decontextualized specimens rather than perceivable living samples. This study proposes a digital living-preservation pathway structured as ‘sampling–reconstruction–narration.’ First, an integrated multi-dimensional capture mechanism synchronously records source signals and spatial acoustic impulse responses, yielding soundscape data that preserves both timbral detail and spatial information. Second, object-based spatial audio techniques and sound-field reconstruction methods position discrete sources in three-dimensional space according to their original layouts and simulate reverberation, restoring immersive acoustic fields of endangered soundscapes. Third, an interactive digital narrative framework embeds reconstructed spatial soundscapes into participatory narrative structures, enabling listeners to transform from passive reception to active experience with cultural depth. This study contends that digitalization is not a cold replication of endangered cultural soundscapes, but rather a technologically mediated channel through which these sounds become perceivable, participatory, and sustainable, regaining cultural life in the very act of being heard.
Keywords: Endangered Cultural Eoundscapes;Living Preservation;Spatial Audio Reconstruction; Interactive Narrative Design;Soundscape Digitalization.
ASSESSMENT OF UNIVERSITY SENATE CONTRIBUTIONS TO EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN RIVERS STATE
ISIORO Izie Best, Department of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, Rivers State University, Nigeria.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21759859 | Page 01 to 18
Abstract
This study assessed university senate contributions to effective governance in public universities in Rivers State. The study was guided by three objectives from which three objectives and three research questions were derived. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population of the study was 1,318 members of senate in the three public universities in Rivers State, which are University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State University and Ignatius Ajuru University of Education. The sample size of the study was 497 members of senate. This comprised 247 members of senate in federal university (University of Port Harcourt) and 250 members of senate in state universities. The instrument for data collection was a self-designed questionnaire titled ‘Assessment of the University Senate Contributions to Effective University Governance Questionnaire ‘. The research instrument was validated by three experts, two in the field of Educational Management and one in Measurement and Evaluation in Rivers State University. The internal consistency of the instrument was determined using the Cronbach’s alpha method. Reliability coefficients of 0.81, 0.86 and 0.77 were obtained for the various clusters of the instrument. The research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation. The findings of the study revealed among others that university Senate formulates policies that promote quality teaching and learning and sets standards for safeguarding the integrity of degrees and diplomas awarded in public universities in Rivers State to a high extent. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that Vice-Chancellors and university management of public universities in Rivers State should institute systematic and regular curriculum review processes through the University Senate, ensuring that academic programmes are periodically updated to reflect emerging knowledge, professional requirements, and the evolving needs of the labour market.
Keywords: University Senate, Governance, Research, Teaching, Learning.
An Innovatively Searching of Proceeding the Trade Advancement Status &High-Technique Equipment &Goods Making on Scientists’ Behaviour by Sustainability I
Run Xu, Gyeibgsang Univeristy, School of Nano New Materials Engineering, JInju-si-52828, Gyeongnam-Do, Korea (Rep)
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21785461 | Page 01 to 11
Abstract
The high-end making, new energy &AI (artificial intelligence) robot will occupy the new reformation field so that the much R &D (research and development) and investment is to be added continually by our government, maker &university. On the other hand, the expertise research must be much stronger, deeper & wider so the related performance is to be published in high-level &high-advanced journal with that paper. That needs to reflect the external and internal intrinsic relationship about searching object default and inner stress &temperature etc. many physical and chemistry aspects. Therein many relational information can be acquired by our scientist and fellows for them to continuously find and seek the principle result on behalf of complicated exploration about the unbalance and balance relation so as to acquire the virtual and actual phenomena and theoretical base. We should encourage the fellows research aim and direction, thereby the subsequent capital support by government constitution even institution by institute and making house and devices etc a series of preferential policy. The more product and equipment made from maker will enhance our high-technique skill and equipment capacity to satisfy the request coming from the society and foreign remands for us to process the foreign trade business actively from factory to seaport transiting other countries and territories. The old and new energy kinetic transformation needs to be transformed by now urgently, and those old low energy kinetic will be collapsed gradually and ultimately for us to learn new one and some interdisciplinary subject applying to the innovation item. The new renewable energy industry as an important factor to decline the gasoline usefulness on vehicle and factories that may start to change the traditional energy source into the low-contamination &high-renewable fuel at all for us to share in the views of the clean atmosphere with the BEV(battery electric vehicles) and making automation-flow-line and some heat-supplying factories. Thereby, the more searching for those transforming course and endeavors would be request through arousing the researcher and scholars explored the source and making process to a certain performance that is to advantage progressing high-functional-equipment making. So the society will continue to develop for us to be employed by those makers and increase the work-opportunity from college and university exhibited their expertise advantageous direction and theme for the sake of improving factory new-quality-productivity with those new and tip subject like some interdisciplinary departments between physics and materials, physics and chemistry, chemistry and physics, physics &administration, automation &physics, electronics &electricity, electronics &physics, electricity &physics etc.. Those new interdisciplinary departments will occupy the new subjects so as to enhance ours fringe-regional development and cross-disciplinary one trial and development.
Keywords: Progressing high-technique product &GDP systems, by sustainability, an innovated searching, Britain &China electric generation analysis.
An Innovation Study to the High-End Equipment &GDP Systems on Scientist’s Behavior &Judgment by Sustainability VI
Run Xu, Gyeongsang National University, School of Nano New Materials Engineering, Gyeongnam-Do. Jinju Si-52828, Korea (Rep)
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21789151 | Page 01 to 09
Abstract
The new &old energy kinetic transformation will occupy an important task critically for us to proceed those aspects researches and producing earlier so as to boost our secondary and tertiary industries through erecting special in regulated policy and experimental knowledge and theoretical exploration by engineers and fellows continuously. Meantime, those high-end equipment directly reflects one nations big machinery making ability through connecting all the parts assembling level to complete the tunnels digging role for the sake of increasing the short routes conveniently that is called as shield tunneling machining that played the digging undersea one function as well by now and future. Moreover, the recently heated humanoid robot would be created more that exhibited in Chinese Spring Festival Program with hundred ones to play their dance and jump like human being, demonstrating remarkable coordination and balance. This spectacle highlights the rapid growing advancements in robotics science &technology, where machines are increasingly capable of mimicking complex human movements. Such innovations not only including entertainment but also signifying potential applications in various fields, from manufacturing to healthcare. As these technologies evolve, they promise to enhance efficiency and precision in tasks that were once exclusively human domains, paving the way for a future where humans and robots collaborate seamlessly. At the same time, the payment, entry door, auto-vendor, English speaking App etc. a lot of soft and substantial robots with identifying one face and finger-printer &voice will be prevalent and welcoming now. Only if they identified the reserved face file the payment and buying behavior may be successful that is so easy and no-human-aside automatically, conveniently besides promptly &precisely On the other hand, the new energy enterprise may become currently prevailed word and a big one for our engineer, scholar, fellow &scientists to search on its detail project defined one~several aspects like the renewable energy exploited and used to applied place whose role is to be transformed into electricity energy upon the wind, solar, nuclear &potential energy by water. Therefore, the new energy vehicle can be playing an important beneficial one where the cheaper price, securitization, lasting time per charge is to be improved hugely according to the recent research results from institute laboratory and maker R &D department. Therein, the new quality productivity transformation would afford prevalence and advancement advantages for our customers to share and enjoy with no-contamination resource ultimately.
Keywords: high-end equipment, GDP systems, an innovation searching, by sustainability, behavior and judgement.
An Innovatively Searching of Processing the Trade Advancement Status &High-Technique Equipment &Goods Making on Scientists Behaviour by Sustainability II
Run Xu, Gyeongsang National University, School of Nano New Materials Engineering, Gyeongnam-Do. Jinju Si-52828, Korea (Rep)
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21789279 | Page 01 to 10
Abstract
The high-end making, new energy &AI (artificial intelligence) robot will occupy the new reformation field so that the much R &D (research and development) and investment is to be added continually by our government, maker &university. On the other hand, the expertise research must be much stronger , deeper & wider so the related performance is to be published in high-level &high-advanced journal with that paper. That needs to reflect the external and internal intrinsic relationship about searching object defect and inner stress &temperature etc. many physical and chemistry aspects. Therein many relational information can be acquired by our scientist and fellows for them to continuously find and seek the principle result on behalf of complicated exploration about the unbalance and balance relation so as to acquire the virtual and actual phenomena and theoretical base. We should encourage the fellows research aim and direction, thereby the subsequent capital support by government institution and institute and making house and devices etc a series of preferential policy. The more product and equipment made from maker will enhance our high-technique skill and equipment capacity to satisfy the request coming from the society and foreign remands for us to process the foreign trade business actively from factory to seaport transiting other countries and territories. The old and new energy kinetic transformation needs to be transformed by now urgently, and those old low energy kinetic will be collapsed gradually and ultimately for us to learn new one and some interdisciplinary subject applying to the innovation item. The new renewable energy industry as an important factor to decline the gasoline usefulness on vehicle and factories that may start to change the traditional energy source into the low-contamination &high-renewable fuel at all for us to share in the views of the clean atmosphere with the BEV(battery electric vehicles) and making automation-flow-line and some heat-supplying factories. Thereby, the more searching for those transforming course and endeavors would be request through arousing the researcher and scholars explored the source and making process to a certain performance that is to advantage progressing high-functional-equipment making.
Keywords: Progressing high-technique product &GDP systems, by sustainability, an innovated searching, Jiangsu top cities GDP value Changes.
An Overview on Soil Salinity: Sources, Characteristics, Agricultural Constraints and Management
Rashiduzzaman Emran, Department of Agricultural Extension, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21858596 | Page 01 to 16
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the most serious environmental constraints limiting agricultural productivity and sustainability, particularly in arid, semi-arid, and coastal regions. The severity of salinization has increased due to climate change, sea-level rise, improper irrigation, poor drainage, and seawater intrusion. Excessive salt accumulation adversely affects soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, leading to osmotic stress, ion toxicity, nutrient imbalance, and reduced water availability for plants. These effects impair seed germination, plant growth, nutrient uptake, physiological processes, and ultimately crop yield. In addition to agriculture, soil salinity threatens freshwater resources, ecosystem stability, human health, and the livelihoods of coastal communities. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the definition, classification, characteristics, and sources of soil salinity, together with its effects on soil properties, plant growth, agricultural production, and soil fertility. Furthermore, the review highlights integrated management strategies, including improved irrigation and drainage, balanced fertilization, organic amendments, salt-tolerant crop varieties, and sustainable land-use practices to ensure the long-term sustainability of salt-affected regions.
Keywords: Saline soil; Salt stress; Osmotic stress; Nutrient imbalance; Soil fertility; Agricultural productivity; Salinity management.
Soil Erosion: A Growing Threat to the Environment
Mahmudul Hasan Chowdhury, Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21858784 | Page 01 to 16
Abstract
Soil erosion is a major form of land degradation that threatens agricultural productivity, ecosystem stability, and global food security. Accelerated by natural processes and human activities, it removes fertile topsoil, depletes nutrients, reduces soil organic matter, and degrades soil structure. This review summarizes the major drivers, impacts, and management strategies of soil erosion. It examines the key causes of soil loss, including rainfall, wind, topography, soil properties, vegetation cover, and human disturbances such as deforestation, intensive cultivation, overgrazing, and construction. The review highlights the effects of erosion on soil fertility, water availability, nutrient cycling, biodiversity, agricultural productivity, and ecosystem resilience, as well as off-site impacts such as sedimentation, water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and economic losses. It also outlines effective conservation measures, including conservation tillage, mulching, crop rotation, contour farming, vegetative barriers, and sustainable land management. Overall, protecting soil through integrated conservation practices, supportive policies, and climate-resilient management is essential for sustaining agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and long-term global food security.
Keywords: Soil degradation; Environmental sustainability; Agricultural productivity; Soil conservation; Land degradation; Sustainable land management.
Application of health belief model (HBM) in assessing the impact of saturated fat consumption on cardiovascular diseases risk among 330 female civil servants in Umuahia North Local Government Area, Abia State.
Ezeibe, Chinyere Patience, Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Nigeria.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.21901268 | Page 01 to 19
Abstract
This study was aimed at using the Health Belief Model (HBM) to assess the impact of saturated fat consumption on cardiovascular diseases risk among 330 female civil servants in Umuahia North Local Government Area, Abia State. A descriptive cross sectional multistage sampling technique was used to get the sample size. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data on personal and socioeconomic characteristics, the consumption pattern of foods high in saturated fat of the respondents and the health belief of female civil servants towards cardiovascular diseases risk. The relationship between socioeconomic and demographic, consumption pattern and cardiovascular diseases risk using health belief model was also determined. Analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 23.0. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation) was used to analyze data on the socio-demographic and economic characteristics, consumption pattern of foods and health belief of female civil servants towards cardiovascular diseases risk. Pearson’s correlation was used to determine the relationship between the socioeconomic and demographic, consumption pattern and cardiovascular diseases risk using health belief model and P-value (<0.05) was accepted as statistically significant. The HBM was measured on a 3.00 point reference scale. Result findings indicated respondents showed high perceived severity (2.20 ± 1.43) and high perceived benefits (2.41 ± 1.44), indicating good understanding of the consequences and advantages of positive dietary changes. Self-efficacy was strong (2.40 ± 1.29), suggesting that most women believe they can implement healthier choices. Perceived barriers (1.81+ 1.25) remain significant, highlighting cost, availability, and time as major obstacles. Perceived susceptibility is moderate (2.11 ± 1.44), showing that while most understand CVD risk, a portion does not internalize it personally. Cues to action are moderately influential (1.84 ± 1.31), implying room for stronger public health messaging. However, high consumption of foods rich in saturated fats, regular intake of processed foods, inconsistent physical activity patterns, and uncertainty about family medical history highlight areas requiring targeted health education and interventions. Across all variables, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy showed the strongest associations with education, income, and knowledge. This indicates that socioeconomic status and nutrition knowledge play pivotal roles in shaping women’s beliefs and readiness to adopt cardiovascular-protective dietary practices. Conversely, perceived barriers and cues to action appear less influenced by socioeconomic indicators, suggesting the presence of external environmental, cultural, or systemic challenges that require targeted interventions.
Keywords: Saturated fat, cardiovascular diseases risk, health belief model, female civil servants, Umuahia North.