Irrational and Erroneous Use of Harmful Topical and Systemic Agents in the Treatment of ‘Superficial Fungal Infection’ in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study
Md. Uzira Azam Khan, Professor of Physiology and Dermatologist, Noakhali Medical College, Bangladesh.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.20196306 | Page 01 to 08
Abstract
Background: Superficial fungal infections (SFI) are the most common dermatological diseases worldwide, with a prevalence rate of 20%–25%. Topical antifungals are effective in circumscribed areas of the skin surface. Some topical antifungals exhibit anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects as well as antifungal activity, and are indicated for infections with inflammation and potential bacterial infection. Topical corticosteroid should be avoided as it may lead to suppression of signs of infection.
Objective: To find out the medication used by the patients with SFI before consulting a dermatologist.
Materials and method: This study was conducted in the department of Dermatology of Noakhali Medical College, Bangladesh. During the period of August’22 to September’22. The study was approved by ethical committee of the same institute. Patients’ permission was taken. Patients’ particulars and drug history were noted in a data collection sheet. 29 patients were purposively selected from a private chamber of a dermatologist in a rural setting.
Result: The mean ±SD age of the patients was 34.34±13.17 (1-55) years. Males were 12(41.38%).. Among the participants 27 (93.1%) patients took both oral and topical medication and only 2(6.9%) patients took only oral medication. Twelve (41.37%) patients did not take any oral medication. Three (10.34%5) patients took systemic steroid. Fluconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine and voriconazole were taken by 5(17.24%), 8(27.58%), 8(27.58%), and 3(10.34%) patients respectively. Regarding topical agents, 12(41.38%) patients used antifungal + steroid, 6(20.69%) antifungal+ antibiotic+ steroid, 2(6.9%) antifungal+ antibiotic, 2(6.9%) used only antifungal, 2(6.9%) used miscellaneous agents having no antifungal activity and 2(6.9%) used only antifungal cream.
Conclusion: Patients with SFI use different systemic and topical medications before attending a dermatologist. Some of those medicine have no indication for SFI, some cause acute irritant contact dermatitis and use of topical steroids suppresses the disease temporarily which makes diagnosis delay.
Keywords: Irrational topical medication, topical and systemic steroid, superficial fungal infection.
Water quality assessment in communities of the Cotopaxi province, Ecuador
Rudys Cusme Intriago, Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, Ecuador
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.20177274 | Page 01 to 12
Abstract
The research assessed water quality in three rural communities in the province of Cotopaxi: La Calera, Tomailoma, and Toahilin. The objective was to determine its suitability for human consumption according to the regulations of the Unified Text of Secondary Environmental Legislation (TULSMA). Physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters were analyzed using standardized methodologies (HACH, QUICK, and Standard Methods). The results showed that the community of La Calera met most of the parameters, with the exception of fecal coliform levels exceeding the regulatory limit. Toahilin, on the other hand, had high arsenic content, representing a health risk. In Tomailoma, the parameters remained at or below the permitted limits. The Water Quality Index (WQI), according to the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), indicated WQI values of 47.22, 38.28, and 29.86 for the communities, respectively, resulting in a classification of “Poor.” Concluding that, regardless of the fact that most parameters comply with regulations, biological contamination and the presence of arsenic significantly affect water quality, it is recommended to strengthen drinking water systems with adequate treatment and community monitoring to guarantee the sustainability of the water resource.
Keywords: Water quality, water quality index (WQI), physicochemical parameters, communities.
EFFICACY OF LEARNING THE LAW IN A DIGITALISED WORLD EMPLOYING NIGERIAN NUC-CCMAS METHODOLOGY: A LEGAL EVALUATION
ESTHER INKO ABILI, PhD, Lecturer domiciled in the Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law, Rivers State University, Nigeria.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.20465642 | Page 01 to 11
Abstract
This paper examined the efficacy of learning the law in a digitalised world employing the Nigerian NUC-CCMAS methodology. The emergence of digital technologies has impacted significantly on global socio-economic development. The fact that the world is described as a ‘global village’ underscores the importance of countries in the spectrum to step up to the surging demand for digitalisation. The paper employed the doctrinal research approach in examining the relevant legal framework for digitalisation, to wit, National Information Technology Development Agency Act 2007, National Universities Commission Act 1974, and Education (National Minimum Standards and Establishment of Institutions) Act 1985. The paper found that the regulatory agency, NITDA, in keeping with its powers to create a National Digital Literacy Framework, recorded success and further embarked on a project of achieving 95% of digital literacy by 2030. Whether or not this vision is achievable remains to be seen. The paper also highlighted the mandate of the NUC—to ensure proper quality control of all academic programmes within the Nigerian University System, which it implemented through different working instruments, the extant being the CCMAS document. Regrettably, tertiary institutions in Nigeria have been moving at snail speed in meeting up with the labour market’s increasing demands for digitalisation. The paper recommended that the Federal and State Governments provide well-organised support grants to students in tertiary institutions for acquisition of electronic learning devices. Universities’ Management should likewise ensure a transition to digital learning through constant power supply and the provision of projectors in all lecture halls.
Keywords: Law, Digital Law, Digital Citizenship, Information Technology (IT), Digital Literacy, Digital Competence/IT Skills
Media Coverage of Rwanda’s 2024 Presidential and Parliamentary Elections: A Content Analysis of Kigali Today Newspaper
HAGABIMANA Eugène, Assistant Lecturer at the University of Rwanda, Department of Journalism and Communication, Rwanda.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.20611931 | Page 01 to 12
Abstract
Elections are one of the key mechanisms for shaping a country’s future. Media plays a vital role in this process by informing the public, influencing opinion, and acting as a watchdog to support democratic participation. This study examined Kigali Today’s coverage of Rwanda’s July 2024 presidential and parliamentary elections, focusing on its online platform. According to agenda-setting theory, as proposed by McCombs and Shaw (1972), the media’s capacity to shape voters’ perceptions during elections is highlighted. This study draws on a content analysis approach to examine stories published by Kigali Today during the official campaign period (June 20–July 13, 2024). A sample size of 99 articles were analysed, selected through a systematic sampling method from 133 articles. The results indicate that the ruling party, RPF.[1], and its candidate, Paul Kagame, dominated Kigali Today’s coverage, accounting for 76% of the election-related content, far surpassing the coverage of other candidates and campaign themes. These findings highlight the imbalance in media coverage and the need for more equitable media practices to support democratic values, particularly during election rallies.
Keywords: Kigali Today, election, news coverage, Kagame.
Application of health belief model (HBM) in assessing the impact of saturated fat consumption on cardiovascular diseases risk among 330 female civil servants in Umuahia North Local Government Area, Abia State.
Ezeibe, Chinyere Patience, Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Nigeria.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- | Page 01 to 16
Abstract
This study was aimed at using the Health Belief Model (HBM) to assess the impact of saturated fat consumption on cardiovascular diseases risk among 330 female civil servants in Umuahia North Local Government Area, Abia State. A descriptive cross sectional multistage sampling technique was used to get the sample size. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data on personal and socioeconomic characteristics, the consumption pattern of foods high in saturated fat of the respondents and the health belief of female civil servants towards cardiovascular diseases risk. The relationship between socioeconomic and demographic, consumption pattern and cardiovascular diseases risk using health belief model was also determined. Analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 23.0. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation) was used to analyze data on the socio-demographic and economic characteristics, consumption pattern of foods and health belief of female civil servants towards cardiovascular diseases risk. Pearson’s correlation was used to determine the relationship between the socioeconomic and demographic, consumption pattern and cardiovascular diseases risk using health belief model and P-value (<0.05) was accepted as statistically significant. The HBM was measured on a 3.00 point reference scale. Result findings indicated respondents showed high perceived severity (2.20 ± 1.43) and high perceived benefits (2.41 ± 1.44), indicating good understanding of the consequences and advantages of positive dietary changes. Self-efficacy was strong (2.40 ± 1.29), suggesting that most women believe they can implement healthier choices. Perceived barriers (1.81+ 1.25) remain significant, highlighting cost, availability, and time as major obstacles. Perceived susceptibility is moderate (2.11 ± 1.44), showing that while most understand CVD risk, a portion does not internalize it personally. Cues to action are moderately influential (1.84 ± 1.31), implying room for stronger public health messaging. However, high consumption of foods rich in saturated fats, regular intake of processed foods, inconsistent physical activity patterns, and uncertainty about family medical history highlight areas requiring targeted health education and interventions. Across all variables, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy showed the strongest associations with education, income, and knowledge. This indicates that socioeconomic status and nutrition knowledge play pivotal roles in shaping women’s beliefs and readiness to adopt cardiovascular-protective dietary practices. Conversely, perceived barriers and cues to action appear less influenced by socioeconomic indicators, suggesting the presence of external environmental, cultural, or systemic challenges that require targeted interventions.
Keywords: Saturated fat, cardiovascular diseases risk, health belief model, female civil servants, Umuahia North.
Storytelling Strategies and Cultural Representation in Nigerian Telecommunications Commercials on YouTube
Ibrahim B. Fatoyinbo, Department of Mass Communication, Lagos State University of Science and Technology, Ikorodu, Nigeria.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.20637665 | Page 01 to 17
Abstract
Storytelling remains a central feature of advertising in Nigeria, yet systematic examination of its application in digital contexts remains limited. This study investigates the dominant storytelling strategies and patterns of cultural representation in Nigerian telecommunications commercials on YouTube from 2021 to 2025. Through quantitative content analysis of 19 purposively selected commercials from MTN, Airtel, Glo, and 9mobile brands, complemented by use of key informant interviews with seven (7) senior advertising professionals, the study documented the narrative structures and cultural themes that characterise the telecommunications’ campaigns. The analysis revealed that linear storytelling was the most commonly observed approach, appearing in 73.68% of the commercials, often layered with emotional or dramatic elements. In terms of cultural representation, convenience and accessibility emerged as the dominant theme (89.47%), followed by innovation/technology and humour/entertainment. Traditional markers such as use of African indigenous proverbs and overt national pride were largely absent. These patterns suggest that brands appear to adopt a pragmatic hybrid style that blends modern utility with selective local cues. Drawing on Rhetorical Tradition Theory and the Narrative Transportation and Engagement Model (N-TEM), the study discusses how Nigerian telecom advertisers may be adapting traditional oral storytelling logic to the demands of a skippable digital platform. The findings contribute to ongoing conversations about narrative persuasion in African digital advertising. Practical implications for advertising practitioners and suggestions for future research are discussed. By documenting observable patterns in storytelling strategies and cultural representation, the study contributes an empirical foundation for understanding how Nigerian telecom brands navigate the intersection of tradition, modernity, and digital platform demands. Practical implications for advertising practitioners and directions for future research are discussed.
Keywords: Storytelling strategies, cultural representation, Nigerian telecommunications, YouTube advertising, linear storytelling, digital advertising
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL EROSION VULNERABILITY AT THE RIVER LAMURDE CATCHMENT USING REVISED UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS EQUATION AND GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES
YUSUF, MOHAMMED BAKOJI, DEPATMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, TARABA STATE UNIVERSITY, JALINGO, NIGERIA.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.20954339 | Page 01 to 16
Abstract
This study evaluated the susceptibility of the River Lamurde catchment to soil erosion by applying the Revise Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) alongside geospatial techniques, in response to increased human activities and variable rainfall patterns. Factors like soil erodibility, vegetation cover, slope length, support practices, and rain erosivity were quantified and integrated into the RUSLE model using ArcGIS. IBM SPSS was used for change detection statistics to analyze land use/land cover changes over time. The findings of the study indicate that factors such as soil erodibility index, vegetation, bare surface, and water bodies significantly influence the occurrence of soil erosion in the area. The study reveals that 17.4% of the land in the area exhibit low susceptibility to soil erosion, while 53.9 % have moderate vulnerability and 28.7% have high vulnerability. To address the issue of erosion, the study suggests employing erosion prevention techniques and sustainable land management methods, incorporating erosion prevention and mitigation measures into planning and development, establishing a monitoring program, raising public awareness, supporting research initiatives, and integrating erosion control and land management strategies into local policies.
Keywords: Soil Erosion; River Lamurde; Universal Soil Loss Equation; Geospatial Techniques, Soil Erosion Vulnerability, River catchment.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP PERCEPTION AND JOB CREATION IN OSOGBO OSUN STATE NIGERIA
Prof. Mufutau Akanmu Popoola, National Open University of Nigeria.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Bulletin | DOI:- 10.5281/zenodo.20954556 | Page 01 to 13
Abstract
The study examined the factors affecting the entrepreneurship perception of fresh graduates in Osogbo Metropolis, assessed the influence of entrepreneurial experience on employment creation among these graduates, and determined the effect of entrepreneurship perception on graduates’ job creation abilities. These objectives were pursued with a view to examining the relationship between entrepreneurship perception and employment creation among graduates in Osogbo Metropolis.
A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 120 graduates selected from a population of 1,930 graduates, comprising Corps members (fresh graduates) posted to Osogbo Metropolis, Osun State, Southwest Nigeria, between 2025 and 2026. A sample size of 120 graduates was selected using a proportionate random sampling technique based on the proportion of Corps members serving at their primary places of assignment, and a purposive sampling technique was also used to reach the target respondents. Questionnaires were administered to the selected Corps members, and all 120 copies were duly completed and returned. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation and linear regression analyses.
The results revealed that entrepreneurial experience had a significant influence on employment creation. Entrepreneurship education, risk perception, and entrepreneurial attitude also made significant contributions to employment creation. The study further found that entrepreneurship perception had a positive and significant effect on graduates’ job creation abilities in the study area.
The study concluded that entrepreneurship perception positively influences graduates’ job creation abilities. It recommends that graduates should develop positive attitudes toward entrepreneurship in order to enhance their perception of entrepreneurial opportunities and strengthen their job creation capacities. The government should establish training centers that promote positive entrepreneurship perceptions among graduates. Furthermore, experienced entrepreneurs should mentor and train young graduates in entrepreneurial practices to enable them to develop their entrepreneurial skills through training and guidance.
Keywords: Employment Creation, Entrepreneurship attitude, Entrepreneurial experience, Entrepreneurial Perception, Risk perception.